ABSTRACT
This study is based on entry criteria of visual findings of the upper gastro-intestinal fibre-optic endoscopy performed on 100 patients suffering from acid peptic disease (dyspepsia). The diagnostic criteria and grading of reflux oesophagitis advocated by Savary and Miller have been adopted. Reflux oesophagitis was found in 43 cases having grade I oesophagitis in 48.84%, grade II in 32.56%, grade III in 14.00% and grade IV in 4.60% cases. Reflux oesophagitis was associated with hiatus hernia in 23.26%, chronic gastritis in 9.30% of cases. The age varied from 16-80 years with almost equal incidence of male and female, and the severity of the disease increased with the advancement of age. Endoscopy is advised in every case of dyspepsia before any treatment is initiated.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dyspepsia/etiology , Esophagitis, Peptic/classification , Esophagoscopy , Female , Fiber Optic Technology , Humans , India , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
One hundred testicular biopsies performed during the period of 1983-90 were reviewed to reappraise the value and utility of testicular biopsy in cases of male infertility. All the biopsies were categorised into the following 7 types and their relative incidences were determined. There were 16% normal cases. Hypospermatogenesis was found in 42% cases, maturation arrest in 18% cases, Sertoli cell-only syndrome in 17% cases, Klinefelter's syndrome in 3% cases, orchitis in 3% cases and tubular sclerosis in 1% case. Testicular biopsy findings were correlated with semen analysis reports. Azoospermia was represented by all the above 7 types whereas oligospermia was represented hypospermatogenesis and maturation arrest varieties. Testicular biopsy is most useful in azoospermia but its value is limited in oligospermia.